A negative change in the economy or stock market cycle from rising to falling. The economy is in a downturn when it moves from expansion to recession, and the stock market is in a downturn when it changes from a Bull Market to a Bear Market.

Cost advantages that a business obtains due to expansion. They are factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as scale is increased.

ERP software is a means of facilitating the flow of information among different functions within a company, as it combines all business processes and management activities of the enterprise.

Exporting, with regards to internationalisation is treated as the most traditional means. Exporting services, products and resources is a common and simple manner to enter a foreign market.